Train-the-Trainer by DataHomeLab

A1.6 Sample Question Forms and Closing Notes

The closing Guidelines for Facilitating LOS Debriefings paired with the sample-introduction script. The two together work as the instructor's crib sheet: the introduction script is the opening words for the session; the closing checklist is the running reference an instructor can scan during preparation and immediately after the session as a self-audit.

A sample introduction

The verbatim sample-introduction script. The paragraphs below model the introduction discipline reproduced in A1.3 The C-A-L Debriefing Model.

Guidelines for Facilitating LOS Debriefings

The reproduction below preserves the original checklist layout. Each section is a short list of imperatives an instructor can scan in preparation for a session and run as a self-audit immediately afterwards. The seven sections are the seven phases of the discipline reproduced across this appendix.

Facilitation basics

  • Keep the discussion crew-centred.
  • Encourage crew members to participate actively and do most of the talking.
  • Adapt the level of facilitation you use to the capabilities of each crew.
  • Balance your dual role as instructor and facilitator.
  • Reinforce good crew performance following crew analysis.
  • Show by your attitude that you are interested in what the crew members have to say.
  • Don't lecture or make long speeches.
  • Don't interrupt or leave a topic while the crew still has something to say.
  • Use the highest level of facilitation possible to maximise crew self-discovery.
  • Adapt the level of facilitation to accommodate varying crew needs throughout the session.

The introduction

  • Clarify your role as the instructor and detail your expectations for crew participation.
  • Provide a persuasive rationale for why the debriefing should be crew-centred.
  • Tell the crew how long the session will last.
  • Don't cut sessions short for high-performing crews.

Agenda and format

  • Explain the format the debriefing will follow.
  • Help the crew develop an agenda.
  • Ensure that all critical issues are covered.
  • Use the C-A-L model as a framework for discussion of each topic.

Facilitation techniques

  • Use questions to promote in-depth crew participation.
  • Follow up on crew topics and redirect crew questions and comments back to them.
  • Ask questions that begin with what, how, and why to encourage deeper discussion.
  • Encourage crew members to discover their own answers.
  • Make sure all crew members are fully drawn into the discussion.
  • Direct questions to quiet crew members.
  • Ask quiet crew members to comment on what other crew members said.
  • Avoid unwittingly hindering crew participation.
  • Don't answer for the crew when they don't immediately respond to your question.
  • Re-word questions rather than giving the answer.
  • Use active listening to encourage continued participation.
  • Use silence / pauses to elicit thoughtful crew responses.

Use of video

  • Index important events during the LOS.
  • Don't show video segments you don't intend to discuss.
  • Learn how to use the video equipment efficiently.
  • Introduce each video segment and remind the crew that they will analyse what they see.
  • Pause the video for comments and to discuss important aspects of crew performance.

Reinforcing CRM through crew interaction

  • Encourage crew members to address each other directly.
  • Ask crew members to discuss how they were affected by each other's actions.
  • Encourage crew to discuss what they were each thinking.

Eliciting in-depth analysis and evaluation

  • Don't give your analysis or evaluation before the crew has completed theirs.
  • Get the crew to talk about what went well.
  • Get the crew to talk about what could be improved, and how.
  • Encourage the crew to discuss how they might have handled things if they had not gone so well.
  • Push the crew to go beyond just describing what happened.
  • Ask follow-up questions that require in-depth analysis.
  • Ask crew to analyse why they made the decisions they made.
  • Get the crew to discuss what they were thinking.
  • Encourage the crew to discuss the factors that enabled or impeded their success.
  • Have the crew discuss how they can apply what they learned in the LOS during line operations.

Summary

  • Briefly summarise the debrief: reiterate important issues and tie LOS events to line operations.

How to use this checklist

The discipline an instructor needs to read before the session is the introduction script and the Facilitation Basics and The Introduction lists. The Facilitation Techniques and Use of Video lists are the running reference during the session. The Reinforcing CRM through Crew Interaction and Eliciting in-depth Analysis and Evaluation lists are the C and A components of the C-A-L model in checklist form. The Summary line is the closing move that ties LOS events to line operations and corresponds to the L component of the model.

The fully developed prose treatment of every item on this crib sheet lives in the preceding pages. Cross-references:

Connections